How shared cultural knowledge and institutions shape human perceptions and decisions about land, livelihood, and disaster risks.

With a long-term research focus in Nepal and the US Southwest, Milan uses both qualitative and quantitative data enhanced with geospatial analysis to understand and reveal complex drivers and patterns of socio-ecological-technological systems underlying sustainability issues. His recent work examines the roles of shared cultural knowledge and institutions on smallholder agriculture decision-making, land‑use change, urban sustainability, and local responses to and lived experiences of climate change and glacial hazards and risks, particularly in the Himalayan region.

Research projects

Nepal · US Southwest
Everest & Kanchenjunga, Nepal
Glaciers, glacial outburst floods, and disaster risks
How people perceive, interpret and respond to cryospheric hazards and anticipate disaster risk.
Read more →
Phoenix, AZ · Kathmandu Valley
Socio-ecological gradients and urban land system changes
Fragmentation of once-contiguous deserts and farmland, and its social drivers.
Read more →
Lamjung & Gandaki Basin, Nepal
Mountain societies, land use and food security
Working with mountain communities to understand their challenges, hopes and wisdom.
Read more →
Nepal
Social inclusion, livelihoods and institutions
How social exclusion and commons institutions shape livelihood choices of vulnerable groups.
Read more →

Teaching

ASU School of Sustainability · since 2010
Everest & Kanchenjunga, Nepal
Glaciers, glacial outburst floods, and disaster risks
This study examines the intersections between disaster risks and socio-cultural factors that shape how people perceive, interpret, and respond to different cryospheric hazards and navigate the anticipation of disaster risks. In doing so, the historical context, institutional dynamics, cultural relevance, vulnerability, and social adaptation process are explored.
Project page →
Phoenix, AZ · Kathmandu Valley
Socio-ecological gradients and urban land system changes
Focusing on fragmentation of once contiguous landscape (e.g., deserts, farmland), this study analyzes the spatio-temporal changes in land system patterns and their social drivers by using a set of socio-economic data, geospatial analysis, and landscape metrics. It reveals complex socio-ecological gradients from urban centers to the peripheral areas with different land system configurations and societal characteristics. Milan is also expanding the urban growth study in Nepal, to explore the patterns and socio-ecological implications of rapid urbanization in mountain regions.
Project page →
Lamjung & Gandaki Basin, Nepal
Mountain societies, land use and food security
Mountains have always intrigued scientists and scholars alike. Mountain societies provide some of the most complex cases of socio-ecological systems and social adaptation processes. Milan has spent much of his career working with mountain communities, trying to understand their challenges, hopes and wisdom.
Project page →
Nepal
Social inclusion, livelihoods and institutions
This study examines the complex set of challenges faced by vulnerable groups in Nepal, especially how social exclusion and institutions governing common pool resources define the social outcomes and influence people’s livelihood choices. It also analyzes the coping and adaptation strategies of these groups to offset the adverse impact.
Project page →
About

Biosketch

Milan Shrestha is a Teaching Professor and Deputy Director of Student Success in the School of Sustainability at Arizona State University. Guided by the ASU Charter’s mission of ensuring accessibility to quality higher education, he is dedicated to making sustainability education relevant, rigorous, and impactful for students from diverse academic and life backgrounds. He provides academic leadership in curriculum design and instructional deployment across both in-person and digitally immersive learning environments.

Milan has played a key role in developing curricula that equip students to think critically about complex sustainability challenges, emphasizing systems dynamics, ethical reasoning, and future-oriented strategic actions. His instructional leadership supports programs that help students from all disciplines—not just sustainability—understand how environmental, social, technological, and institutional processes interact across scales and over time.

As an instructor, Milan teaches foundational sustainability courses alongside advanced seminars on climate and disaster risks. His pedagogy emphasizes research-informed learning through case studies, applied data analysis, and effective communications. He is deeply committed to inclusive teaching and the design of learning experiences that support student success across all modalities, with a particular focus on first-generation, nontraditional, and globally engaged learners.

Milan intentionally integrates research into his instruction, creating pathways for students to participate in collaborative, applied scholarship. Trained as an environmental anthropologist and sustainability scientist, he mentors undergraduate and graduate students on research teams that combine socio-economic insights with geospatial analysis. Through these experiences, students develop analytical, ethical, and professional skills while contributing to ongoing sustainability research.

His research examines the roles of shared cultural knowledge and institutions on smallholder agriculture decision-making, land‑use change, urban sustainability, and local responses to and lived experiences of climate change and glacial hazards and risks, particularly in the Himalayan region.

Milan’s recent updates →
Pronunciation
Milanmee-LONShresthaSHRES-thuh
Office
Walton Center for Planetary Health
Arizona State University, Tempe
(480) 965-7175
Research

Culture, decisions and environmental change in Nepal and the US Southwest.

With a long-term research focus in Nepal and the US Southwest, Milan’s research focuses on how shared cultural knowledge and rules shape people’s perception and decision-making on these sustainability challenges:

1
Agriculture and food systems
2
Urban–rural linkages of land systems
3
Cryospheric disaster risks
4
Common-pool resources

As an applied anthropologist, his research projects are interdisciplinary in nature. He combines anthropological methods (e.g., ethnography, surveys, ethnoecology) with geospatial analysis and visualization techniques to better understand the intersectionality between societal roles and complex patterns of environmental change such as deforestation, urban growth, landscape fragmentation, and melting glaciers.

More recently, his research has focused on the climate change–water–agriculture nexus, particularly how people respond to climate change, glacial flood hazards and disaster risks, and how their sociocultural, economic and institutional factors might influence their social adaptation strategies.

Research projects

Everest & Kanchenjunga, Nepal
Glaciers, glacial outburst floods, and disaster risks
This study examines the intersections between disaster risks and socio-cultural factors that shape how people perceive, interpret, and respond to different cryospheric hazards and navigate the anticipation of disaster risks. In doing so, the historical context, institutional dynamics, cultural relevance, vulnerability, and social adaptation process are explored.
Project page →
Phoenix, AZ · Kathmandu Valley
Socio-ecological gradients and urban land system changes
Focusing on fragmentation of once contiguous landscape (e.g., deserts, farmland), this study analyzes the spatio-temporal changes in land system patterns and their social drivers by using a set of socio-economic data, geospatial analysis, and landscape metrics. It reveals complex socio-ecological gradients from urban centers to the peripheral areas with different land system configurations and societal characteristics. Milan is also expanding the urban growth study in Nepal, to explore the patterns and socio-ecological implications of rapid urbanization in mountain regions.
Project page →
Lamjung & Gandaki Basin, Nepal
Mountain societies, land use and food security
Mountains have always intrigued scientists and scholars alike. Mountain societies provide some of the most complex cases of socio-ecological systems and social adaptation processes. Milan has spent much of his career working with mountain communities, trying to understand their challenges, hopes and wisdom.
Project page →
Nepal
Social inclusion, livelihoods and institutions
This study examines the complex set of challenges faced by vulnerable groups in Nepal, especially how social exclusion and institutions governing common pool resources define the social outcomes and influence people’s livelihood choices. It also analyzes the coping and adaptation strategies of these groups to offset the adverse impact.
Project page →

All project pages

Results of these studies are on the Publications page.

Teaching

Solid, fun course experiences that build critical thinkers with empathy.

Milan has been teaching at Arizona State University since 2010. He normally teaches eight sections of five different courses (about 150–300 students) in the School of Sustainability. These classes draw upon his background in ecological and environmental anthropology and his post-doctoral research on land-use decision and urban dynamics. His challenge is to teach sustainability majors with a wide range of interests — ecology, policy, urban planning, economics and business sustainability, energy and materials — and his approach has always been to sensitize students to the social dimensions of sustainability challenges.

As an educator, Milan’s career goal is to see his students succeed as sustainability scholars and practitioners who are always ready to conceptualize sustainability challenges and have the skills and confidence to tackle them. He believes teaching is more than a job or an academic chore: it is a tremendous responsibility that requires untiring dedication to stay updated, prepared, and engaged in each class — and that research is an integral part of teaching.

Three areas of learner-centred education

1
Engaging students in collaborative research
2
Developing systems thinking
3
Fostering critical analysis and communication skills

Current courses

5 courses · 8 sections a year
SOS 110
Building a Sustainable World
Lays the groundwork for understanding the fundamental geological, biological, and social processes that gave rise to the world we live in and continue to maintain its viability for human life.
Course page →
SOS 320
Society and Sustainability
The social dimensions of sustainability — how culture, values, equity and institutions shape human–environment relationships.
Course page →
SOS 321
Policy and Governance
How policies, institutions and governance arrangements steer sustainable systems across local, national and global scales.
Course page →
SOS 323
Sustainable Urban Dynamics
How cities grow and change, and what urban land systems mean for a sustainable future.
Course page →
SOS 444/544
Climate Change, Society, and Sustainability
Provides foundational knowledge of climate change science and examines the social, cultural and political intersections of climate change.
Course page →
Past courses
SOS 591International Development Theories & Practices — last offered 2017
Publications

Publications & presentations

Peer-reviewed journal articles

{{ p.y }}
{{ p.t }}
{{ p.a }} · {{ p.v }}
PDF{{ p.doi }}

Book chapters

{{ p.y }}
{{ p.t }}
{{ p.a }} · {{ p.v }}
PDF{{ p.doi }}

Conference proceedings

{{ p.y }}
{{ p.t }}
{{ p.a }} · {{ p.v }}
PDF{{ p.doi }}

Book review

{{ p.y }}
{{ p.t }}
{{ p.a }} · {{ p.v }}
PDF{{ p.doi }}

Editorials, reports, opinions & encyclopedia entries

{{ p.y }}
{{ p.t }}
{{ p.a }} · {{ p.v }}
PDF{{ p.doi }}

Technical reports & monographs

{{ p.y }}
{{ p.t }}
{{ p.a }} · {{ p.v }}
PDF{{ p.doi }}

Invited presentations

{{ p.y }}
{{ p.t }}
{{ p.a }} · {{ p.v }}
PDF{{ p.doi }}

Papers & posters

{{ p.y }}
{{ p.t }}
{{ p.a }} · {{ p.v }}
PDF{{ p.doi }}
Gallery

From the field

Video and photographs from fieldwork in the Himalaya and the US Southwest.

Vimeo embed — paste the video URL from the current Gallery page

Photographs

Field photo 1
Field photo 2
Field photo 3
Field photo 4
Field photo 5
Field photo 6